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Wikimedia Commons · CC0 · Hover to magnify, click for fullscreen
Original fileThis drawing depicts a monumental horse in profile, capturing its powerful anatomy and spirited expression. The figure is overlaid with a network of fine lines and numerical notations, recording the specific measurements of the ancient sculpture. The artist uses soft red chalk to model the musculature while maintaining the precision required for a technical study of classical form.
This study reflects the Renaissance humanist effort to decode the 'canon' of classical beauty through empirical measurement. It aligns with Neoplatonic theories of the era, such as those of Luca Pacioli, which posited that mathematical proportion was a reflection of divine order in both the macrocosm and the human (or animal) form.
p 4 s 4 p 1 d 2 p 3 p 2 d 1 p 1 d 12 p 3 f 5 p 2 1/2 p 1 d 4
Translation
The inscriptions use abbreviations for Renaissance units of measurement: 'p' likely stands for palmi (palms), 'd' for dita (fingers), and 's' or 'f' for further fractional subdivisions.
Vitruvius
Raphael's study of classical proportions follows the Vitruvian tradition of seeking mathematical harmony in ancient monuments.
Luca Pacioli
Pacioli's 'De divina proportione' provides the theoretical framework for the mathematical analysis of beauty seen in this drawing.
Object
Oil on panel
scientific
Digital Source
Wikimedia Commons · CC0
This file was donated to Wikimedia Commons as part of a project by the National Gallery of Art. Please see the Gallery's Open Access Policy.
4000 × 3170 px
Linked Data
AI AI-cataloged fields generated by gemini-3-flash-preview on April 2, 2026. Getty identifiers are AI-inferred and may require verification.