DIOGENES LAERTIUS

...having founded only one [school]. Following him was Lacydes, who practiced philosophy in the New Academy New Academy: a later phase of Plato's school that became famous for its skeptical approach, questioning whether absolute knowledge is possible; after him came Carneades, and then Clitomachus. This is how the line reaches Clitomachus. The line ending with Chrysippus The third and most prolific head of the Stoic school follows this order: Socrates, then Antisthenes, then Diogenes the Dog The most famous of the Cynics, known for his extreme poverty and social provocations, then Crates of Thebes, then Zeno of Citium Founder of the Stoic school, then Cleanthes, and then Chrysippus.

The line ending with Theophrastus is: from Plato to Aristotle, and then Theophrastus. In this way, the Ionian The branch of philosophy originating in the Greek colonies of Asia Minor school concludes. The Italian school proceeds as follows: Pherecydes, then Pythagoras, then his son Telauges, then Xenophanes, then Parmenides, then Zeno of Elea, then Leucippus, then Democritus, then many others, specifically Nausiphanes and Naucydes, from whom came Epicurus.

Among the philosophers, some have been Dogmatists, and others have been Skeptics original: "ἐφεκτικοί" (ephektikoi) — literally "those who suspend judgment". Dogmatists are those who make pronouncements about things as being "graspable" original: "καταληπτών" — meaning they believe the truth can be clearly perceived and understood; Skeptics are those who suspend judgment about things, viewing them as "ungraspable."

Some of them left behind written commentaries, while others did not write at all—such as, according to some, Socrates, Stilpo, Philippus, Menedemus, Pyrrho, Theodorus, Carneades, and Bryson. Others say Pythagoras wrote nothing, nor did Aristo of Chios, except for a few letters. Some wrote only a single book, like Melissus, Parmenides, and Anaxagoras. Zeno wrote many books, Xenophanes even more, Democritus more still, and Aristotle, Epicurus, and Chrysippus were even more prolific.

Philosophers have also been named in different ways. Some were named after their cities, such as the Elians, the Megarians, the Eretrians, and the Cyrenaics. Others were named after specific locations, such as the Academics named after the Grove of Academus where Plato taught and the Stoics named after the "Stoa" or Painted Porch where they met. Some were named after circumstances, such as the Peripatetics original: "Περιπατητικοί" — meaning "those who walk about," because they often walked while discussing philosophy; and some from insults, such as the Cynics original: "κυνικοί" — literally "dog-like," a nickname given to them for their rejection of social norms. Some were named for their dispositions, like the Eudaemonists Eudaemonists: from "eudaemonia," the Greek word for happiness or human flourishing. Some took names from their own pretensions, like the Truth-lovers, the Eclectics those who selected the best doctrines from different schools, and the Analogists. Others were named after their teachers, such as the Socratics and Epicureans, and so forth. Finally, some are called Natural Philosophers original: "φυσικοί" (physici) because of their study of nature, while others...