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The "most ancient witnesses" refer to the oldest surviving Greek manuscripts of the Bible, such as the 4th-century Codex Sinaiticus, which provided a more original text than later medieval copies.
A critical apparatus is a set of footnotes that lists all the variations found in different ancient manuscripts, allowing scholars to see where the text differs across history.
Tischendorf (1815–1874) was a world-renowned German biblical scholar famous for discovering the Codex Sinaiticus at Saint Catherine's Monastery.
Faint, circular embossed library stamp in the center of the page.
A prominent German printing and publishing house based in Leipzig.