Voynich Manuscript - High Resolution Scans (Unknown) - Page 4

⚠The following text is written in the undeciphered Voynich script. Because the language remains unknown despite centuries of study, the text provided below is a transcription using the European Voynich Alphabet (EVA) to represent the original characters. Physical damage, including small holes and staining, is present at the bottom of the vellum page.

pashys orarar ox
olay cthar ot otcy
so dey effoldey o7a
sor ctollo sand sad
This first block of text appears to introduce the plant illustrated on this page. In the Voynich script, words like "sand" and "ctollo" repeat frequently throughout the herbal section.

octteea oral rtrao ad
seto ellora olloray ctora
yllocca ctccy lloyteora say
totta ctollo8a

original: "p"
A single character or mark in the left margin, possibly serving as a reference point or a numbering system.

toffon chor sand fchar
ctolla cox dcorctoe ollar
te otctoid otcol soy rtcra
ollorctoe lloyteora chor llg
dcor ollar chor soy lla sad
tlaor ctolleca say ctora
This paragraph wraps around the central illustration of the plant. The script's fluid, looping nature suggests it was written by a practiced hand, though no known language matches its structure.

sad ctta lloya olloand ctotra
soyctra ctora doy cey ottca
ylloy soy so8o alloy sos ctora
chor tteor ctora chor sand
ctoy dctor ottoto sad ctora
p

ctoda toy ctora

Botanical Illustration Description
The illustration depicts a plant with a tall, straight green stalk. It features alternating clusters of leaves that transition in color from a deep green to an earthy ochre or tan. At the crown of the plant sits a single, dark, rounded bud or fruit. The root system is stylized as a thick, textured mound or clump, which is a common artistic convention in medieval herbals to represent tubers or dense root mats.