INTRODUCTION.

In the explanatory and critical treatise original: "exegetical" — relating to the interpretation of texts, especially scripture that follows, it is easy to see the reasons for all the theological hatred that has so long been attached to the name of Spinoza. Purely philosophical and theoretical writings rarely catch the attention of the general public; they only provide topics for discussion among philosophers and scholars, whose interests usually align with those of society as a whole. However, critical investigations—no matter how they are intended—almost inevitably clash with the opinions and prejudices of individuals. They may even be found to oppose the interests of large and influential groups in society, who immediately unite to wage a bitter war against the researcher. This was the case with Spinoza.

As a young man, he was brought into close contact with the Hebrew Scriptures, the Talmud Talmud: the collection of ancient writings constituting the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism, and the explanatory writings of the Jewish Rabbis. He was particularly influenced, it seems, by the Guide for the Perplexed original: "Moré Nebouchim" — a 12th-century work of Jewish philosophy by Maimonides by the famous Rabbi Moses Maimonides of Cordova. However, Spinoza was unsatisfied with the officially accepted and traditional original: "orthodox" ways of explaining away the many difficulties found in the Old Testament. Driven by his own natural curiosity, he decided to examine the ancient records of his ancestors' faith for himself. Bringing great talent, extensive learning, a total lack of prejudice, and a fearless spirit to the task, he gradually reached conclusions that were very different from those commonly held.

He recorded the results of his research in the work now presented in this English translation original: "dress". Beyond its critical and explanatory components, the purpose of this book is to show that the free discussion of both religious and political principles is not only consistent with true devotion original: "piety" and the safety of the State, but that such freedom cannot be forbidden without causing harm and danger to both.*

It is not surprising that the publication of this remarkable work immediately caused a great stir in the world of theology. Nor is it surprising that it was viewed as a very serious attack on the established systems of religious tradition original: "prescription" and belief in the Christian world original: "Christendom".

* For the original full title original: "in extenso", see original: "vide" page 16.