BOOK V.


§ 1.	Necessary and optional functions of government distinguished	341
2.	Multifarious character of the necessary functions of government	342
3.	Division of the subject	348


§ 1.	Four fundamental rules of taxation	349
2.	Grounds of the principle of Equality of Taxation	352
3.	Should the same percentage be levied on all amounts of income?	354
4.	Should the same percentage be levied on perpetual and on terminable incomes?	360
5.	The increase of the rent of land from natural causes is a fit subject of peculiar taxation	364
6.	A land tax, in some cases, is not taxation, but a rent charge in favor of the public	367
7.	Taxes falling on capital are not necessarily objectionable	368


§ 1.	Direct taxes either on income or on expenditure	371
2.	Taxes on rent	372
3.	— on profits	373
4.	— on wages	376
5.	An Income Tax	379
6.	A House Tax	382


§ 1.	A tax on all commodities would fall on profits	388
2.	Taxes on particular commodities fall on the consumer	389
3.	Peculiar effects of taxes on necessities	391
4.	— how modified by the tendency of profits to a minimum	395
5.	Effects of discriminating duties	401
6.	Effects produced on international exchange by duties on exports and on imports	405