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| Hippocrates The "Father of Medicine" (c. 460 – c. 370 BC). | Aristotle Greek philosopher and polymath. |
| Theophrastus The "Father of Botany." | Marcus Cato Roman statesman and author on agriculture. |
| Marcus Varro Roman scholar and agriculturalist. | Lucius Columella Important Roman writer on farming. |
| Pliny Author of the Natural History. | Dioscorides Author of De Materia Medica. |
| Plutarch | Palladius |
| Apuleius | Aemilius Macer |
| Psellus | Polybius |
| Virgil Roman poet, author of the Georgics. | Hesiod Early Greek poet of the land. |
| Cornelius Celsus | Quintus Serenus |
| Claudius Galen Influential Roman-era physician. | Paulus |
| Oribasius | Aetius |
| Avicenna Persian polymath and physician. | Johannes Mesue |
| Serapion | Rhazes Persian physician and chemist. |
| Averroes Andalusian philosopher and physician. | Constantinus |
| Cassius Felix | Platearius |
| The Gatherer of Herbs original: "Aggregator herbarum," a common title for medieval herbals. | Niccolò Leoniceno |
| Giovanni Manardo | Pandolfo Collenuccio |
| Marcello Virgilio | Ermolao Barbaro |
| Giorgio Valla | Platina |
| Niccolò Perotti | Battista Pio |
| Battista Ferrari | Giacomo Costantino of Faenza |
| Filippo Beroaldo | Niccolò Pomponio |
| Walahfrid Strabo original: "Strabus Gallus," a 9th-century monk and gardener. | Giovanni da Vigo |
| Jerome the Herbalist Likely Hieronymus Bock, a contemporary botanical pioneer. |