11 ARTILLERY CONSTRUCTION original: "BELOPOEECA" 43

English Translation from Latin	English Translation from Greek
...and how each of them received its beginning and growth, we have discussed.	...the difference between the engines, and how each of them was advanced from the beginning.
Of those machines which we mentioned, some are Straight-spring original: "Euthytone", while others are Back-turning original: "Palintonæ". Those are called Straight-spring which some call Scorpions original: "Scorpiones" because of the similarity of their shape; and indeed, the Straight-spring engines throw only bolts original: "tela".	Of the aforementioned engines, some are Straight-spring original: "εὐθύτονα" (euthytona), others are Back-turning original: "παλίντονα" (palintona). They are called Straight-spring, which some also call Scorpions because of the similarity of their shape. The Straight-spring engines discharge only arrows.
But the Back-turning engines [called Stone-throwers original: "Lithobolæ" by some] because they eject stones, or bolts and stones together. The goal of the art of Artillery-making original: "telifactiuæ" is to direct a projectile a long distance at a given target with a violent strike, for which purpose every care is taken in the design of the aforementioned instruments.	But the Back-turning engines some call Stone-throwers original: "λιθοβόλα" (lithobola) because they send forth stones, or also send arrows, or even both together. The definition of Artillery-making original: "βελοποιϊκῆς" (belopoiikēs) is to send the projectile original: "βέλος" (belos) a long distance toward the given target, having a powerful strike; it is regarding this that all care must be taken with the aforementioned engines.
A projectile, moreover, is anything that is ejected, whether from an instrument or from any other power, such as a bow, a sling, or any other such thing. The first constructions of the instruments of which we spoke emerged from hand-held bows.	And "projectile" is the name given to everything sent forth by the engines, or by any other power, such as a bow or a sling or any other such thing. Now, at the beginning, the constructions of the aforementioned engines began from hand-held bows.
For when they prepared to send larger projectiles and to further distances, they made both the bows themselves larger and their tensions greater; specifically, the stiffness of the extreme parts themselves, namely the horns.	For as men were forced to send forth a somewhat larger projectile and over a greater distance, they made the bows themselves larger, and the tensions within them.
For this reason, it necessarily happened that they became more difficult to bend, and required a greater force than that which...	* bend- ings I mean the *bendings at the tips, that is, the stiffnesses of the horns. From this, it followed that...