ON JULIAN'S MISOPOGON. 9

the schools located there Gregory Gregory of Nazianzus, a prominent Christian theologian who studied with Julian in Athens and later became one of his harshest critics. says that he traveled to visit Greece and to learn about the schools of that region, where we showed above that he was personally known. Therefore, Julian's education was established by such teachers and arts, so that the second cause of his error The author is identifying three "causes" for Julian's eventual rejection of Christianity: his nature, his education, and his ambition. now easily becomes apparent. Thus far, we see only the seeds of both his nature and his education; let us now look at the fruits in his character. Marcellinus Ammianus Marcellinus, a 4th-century Roman historian and soldier who served under Julian and wrote a detailed history of his reign. touches upon these generally in his fourteenth book when he compares the character of Julian's brother, Gallus. He says, "He [Gallus] differed as much from the temperate character of his brother Julian as Domitian did from Titus among the sons of Vespasian." original: "Tantúm... á temperatis moribus Juliani differens fratris, quantum inter Vespasiani filios fuit Domitianum & Titum." Titus was remembered as a "darling of the human race," while his brother Domitian was remembered as a suspicious tyrant. Here Gallus is compared to Domitian, and Julian to Titus. And indeed, he [Julian] seems not to have been averse to moderation and modesty of spirit, since of all the emperors, he especially loved the philosopher Marcus [Aurelius] and set him as a model for himself to imitate. This was certainly the fruit not so much of nature as of education, which, as Ovid says:

It softens the spirit and does not allow it to be wild.
original: "Emollitque animos, nec sinit esse feros." A famous line from Ovid’s Letters from the Black Sea regarding the civilizing influence of the liberal arts.

But nevertheless, a certain heat of ambition disturbed this moderation and tranquility of character. Thus, this third cause, joined to the two former ones—nature and education—easily led the man away from the true and the right, plunging him into fraud and crime. However, let us now see his character in each individual virtue. And first, what was his courage like? As a young man not yet having passed his twenty-third year, he was created Caesar In this period, "Caesar" was the title for a junior emperor or heir-apparent, while "Augustus" was the senior emperor. on the eighth day before the Ides of November [November 6th] during the consulship of Arbetio and Lollianus. This was at a time when barbarians were laying waste to Gaul, and the Emperor [Constantius II] was prevented by fear from waging war against them. Marcellinus says in his fifteenth book, “Frequent messengers were harassing Constantius...”