Contents

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On the History of Prehistoric Times . . . . . XXIII The Roman numeral suggests this is part of a lengthy introduction or preface.

First Section.

Greeks . . . . . . . I

Pythagoras . . . . . . . . I A philosopher and mathematician (c. 570–495 BC) famous for the Pythagorean theorem and his beliefs in the transmigration of souls.

Pythagoreans . . . . . . . 1 — 2

Empedocles . . . . . . . 2 — 4 A Pre-Socratic philosopher who established the four classical elements: earth, air, fire, and water.

Democritus . . . . . . . 4 — 5 Known as the "laughing philosopher," he was a pioneer in the theory that the universe is made of tiny, indivisible atoms.

Democritus and Epicurus . . . . . 6

Epicurus . . . . . . . . 6 Founder of Epicureanism, a school of philosophy that sought happiness through the absence of pain and fear.

Zeno . . . . . . . . 7 Likely Zeno of Citium, the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy.

Chrysippus . . . . . . . 7 A Stoic philosopher who was influential in organizing Stoic doctrines into a systematic whole.