Accompanied by the "Illuminator of Hidden Meanings"

original: "Gudharthaprakashaka" — this is the title of Ranganatha’s famous commentary on the Surya Siddhanta.

...is a civil month. || 12 || Now, after defining the lunar and solar months, and while describing the year, the author speaks of the divine day:

A lunar month is formed by lunar days; likewise, a solar month is defined by the sun's transit.

Twelve months make a year, which is called a single day of the gods. || 13 ||

In the same way referring to the previous verse's count of thirty, a lunar month Aindava: relating to the moon consists of thirty lunar days Tithi: a lunar day, roughly 1/30th of a synodic month. In the sacred sciences, this is primarily explained as ending either with the new moon or the full moon. However, in this specific treatise, the month ending with the new moon is considered primary. A month calculated from any desired lunar day is considered secondary.

By the transit—that is, the period of time marked by the sun's entry into a zodiac sign—a solar month is described by those who know the measurements of time. A transit Sankranti: the moment the sun enters a new zodiacal sign is the time when the center of the solar disc moves into the starting point of a zodiac sign.

Twelve months make a year. It should be understood that the year is measured by the same standard used for the months; thus, a year related to solar months is a solar year. A "day"—meaning a full day and night—is called "divine," meaning it belongs to the heavens. The meaning is that those who know the truth of measurements state that a solar year is the measure of a single day and night for the gods. || 13 ||

Now, a question arises: since the day and night of the gods has been mentioned, why has the day and night of the demons not been mentioned? Providing the answer to that, the author speaks of the year of the gods and demons:

For the gods and the demons, day and night are mutually reversed.

Six times sixty of those make a divine year, and likewise a year for the demons. || 14 ||

The plural is used because there are many gods and demons. "Mutually" means "each other." "Reversed" means "by inversion." Regarding "day and night," the meaning is this: what is day for the gods is night for the demons. What is night for the gods is day for the demons. What is day for the demons is night for the gods. What is night for the demons...

Civil, Lunar, Solar, Lunar day, Transit, Day-and-night, Divine, Gods and Demons, Experts in measurement, Inversion