Crown of Treatises: Chapter on Mathematics (Unknown) - Page 20

The first system is named Soma,

which was perfectly spoken by Durga and Shambhu.

Another was created by the Creator, named Brahma,

and the third, named Saura, was spoken by the Sun.

Upon examining all these evidences, the Brahma-Siddhanta The "Treatise of Brahma," considered one of the foundational texts of Indian astronomy is understood to be the most ancient of all. The Vedas are the root of the entire science of astronomy Jyotish-shastra: the traditional Indian system of astronomy and astrology, and they manifested from Brahma. This knowledge was gradually propagated under various names through a succession of disciples and grand-disciples. By relying on a single fundamental system and introducing refinements and changes alongside the growth of knowledge, many different systems originated over the course of time. This proposal will conclude after providing some specific details regarding these five systems.

(1) Paitamaha-Siddhanta — The Paitamaha-Siddhanta that Varahamihira A 6th-century Indian astronomer and polymath compiled in the Pancha-siddhantika The "Five Astronomical Treatises" is very old. Dr. Thibaut George Thibaut (1848–1914), a noted Indologist who translated many Sanskrit astronomical texts considers it as ancient as the Vedanga-Jyotisha, Garga-Samhita, and Surya-Prajnapti. Instead of the 360-day year of the Vedic period, this system assumes a solar year of 366 days. It records the constellation Dhanishtha as the beginning of the zodiacal cycle and the maximum length of daylight as 18 muhurtas or 36 dandas Traditional units of time; a danda is approximately 24 minutes. However, it appears that Varahamihira did not find the original ancient treatise, but rather a later version of the Paitamaha-Siddhanta from the second Shaka era. He wrote five verses Arya: a specific meter in Sanskrit poetry regarding it, and there is no mention of planets other than the Sun and the Moon. According to previous writings, the mathematics of this system had become inaccurate by the teacher's time; it seems for this reason—

This is the ancient astronomy of the Jains, similar to the Vedanga-Jyotisha. In this, there is the concept of two Suns, two Moons, and two zodiac cycles, which Bhaskaracharya refuted in the Goladhyaya The "Chapter on the Celestial Sphere" from his major work, Siddhanta Shiromani. Dr. Thibaut published the Surya-Prajnapti* in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal many years ago.