Siddhanta Shiromani (Crown of Treatises)

Now, [the author] explains another method for practical use and for physicians, beginning with the words "by heavy syllables" original: "गुर्वर्तैः" (gurv-artaiḥ) and so on. In the Science of Words śabda-śāstra Linguistics or Grammar, the definition of a Long Syllable guru is established as one that is joined [with a consonant cluster] or naturally long.

In the Science of Prosody chandaḥ-śāstra The study of poetic meter as well, it is said: "That which has a nasal sound, ends in a breathy h sound, is long, or is followed by a conjunct consonant..." [is considered 'heavy']. It is further stated that a single measure is called Short laghu and two measures are called Long guru. This definition of the "long" unit is also used in the science of Music saṃgīta.

By ten such Long Syllables gurv-akṣara, one Breath prāṇa is formed. This corresponds to the time it takes for a Healthy Man svastha sitting comfortably to complete one inhalation and exhalation; this duration is conventionally designated by the term "Breath."

The definition of a Healthy Man svastha-lakṣaṇa in Ayurveda The traditional Indian system of medicine is:

"One whose tissues are balanced, whose digestive fire is balanced, whose humors and excretory functions are balanced, and whose soul, senses, and mind are tranquil."

Six such breaths make one unit, and sixty of those [water-measures] make one Ghatika ghaṭī A unit of approximately 24 minutes. Here too, the Ghatika is specifically Sidereal nākṣatra Based on the stars rather than the sun, because it is by sixty of these Ghatikas that a full Day and Night ahorātra is constituted. This refers to the sixty-fold division of a sidereal day.

In the teachings of the Sages and in the Astronomical Treatises siddhānta:
"Six breaths shall be a Vinadi vināḍī; sixty of those are known as a Nadika nāḍikā. Sixty Nadis are proclaimed to be a sidereal Day and Night."

Having defined the day, he now describes the months, years, and so on, beginning with "By thirty..." original: "खरामैः" (kha-rāmaiḥ) — a numerical code where 'kha' (space) is 0 and 'Rama' is 3, signifying 30. By thirty of those previously mentioned days, one Month māsa is formed. Twelve such months make one Year varṣa.

Having spoken of the Divisions of Time kāla-vibhāga, he now explains the Divisions of Space kṣetra-vibhāga In this context, 'space' refers to the degrees of the celestial circle or zodiac. In "the field" (the zodiac), there are equal divisions starting with the circle itself... and likewise, the divisions of the Zodiac Signs rāśi...