Moving in a clockwise direction original: "pradakṣiṇāgam", it was first created by Brahma, the creator of the world. That is to say, Brahma created the wheel or sphere of luminous objects—the stars and constellations—which rotates on the axis of the Pole Star the celestial axis along with the Moon and other planets situated at the beginning of the zodiac starting from the constellation Ashwini, as well as their apogees and nodes. Although the Teacher Brahmagupta does not discuss the apogees here because they lack a physical form like the planets, their positions were nonetheless established at the very beginning of creation. || 3 ||

Here, the term "Wheel of Light" Jyotish-chakra: the celestial sphere or zodiac refers to the "Wheel of Stars" Bha-chakra: the sidereal sphere. The "Wheel of Stars" implies the spherical entity where the stars reside. For a deeper investigation into various topics—such as why the star-wheel is spherical, how its motion is understood, why planets move eastward, and why the planets (Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) are arranged in their specific vertical order—one should consult the Vateshvara-siddhanta. Bhaskaracharya also stated everything in accordance with Brahmagupta, saying, "Having created the wheel of stars, the Lotus-Born Brahma placed it with the planets in their respective revolutions," and so forth. || 3 ||

Hindi Commentary — At the junction between the constellations Revati and Ashwini, Brahma first created the rotating celestial sphere. This sphere is bound to the polar axis the line passing through both celestial poles and moves in a clockwise direction along with the planets. This means Brahma created the sphere of luminous bodies—the stars and constellations—rotating on the support of the polar staff, together with the Moon and other planets located at the start of Ashwini, including their apogees. Although the Teacher does not discuss the apogees here because they do not have a physical form like the planets, he notes that their positions were marked at the beginning of creation. || 3 ||

In this context, "Wheel of Light" should be understood as the "Wheel of Stars." This term indicates that the stars and planets are all seen within a spherical structure. To consider various subjects—such as why the wheel is spherical, what its motion is and how it is known, why planets have an eastward motion, and why the planets (Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) are positioned in that specific order from top to bottom—one should look at the chapter on Mean Motions in the Vateshvara-siddhanta. Bhaskaracharya also agrees with Brahmagupta, stating that the Lotus-Born Brahma created the wheel of stars together with the planets in their starting positions. || 3 ||

Now he describes the commencement of time, which is without beginning or end.

From the sunrise of the first day of the bright half of Chaitra, the days, months, years, Eras (Yugas), and Aeons (Kalpas) began simultaneously at Lanka, on the day of the Sun. || 4 ||

Sanskrit Commentary — Starting from the first day of the bright fortnight of the month of Chaitra, at sunrise in the region marked by Lanka the terrestrial equator, the sequence of days began. This occurred on a Sunday at the beginning of creation and the beginning of the Aeon Kalpa. Now, if one argues that the word "bright" Sita is redundant because the month of Chaitra is already mentioned, that is not so. This is because there are many conflicting opinions; some desire the month to begin with the first day of the dark fortnight...