The Solar Treatise with the Illumination of the Hidden Meaning

A period of sixty ghatisA ghata or ghati is 24 minutes is called a sidereal day and night. By stating that the day and night are sidereal, it is implied that the aforementioned ghatis are also sidereal in nature. Since the circle of asterisms the fixed stars completes one revolution in these sixty ghatis, a sidereal month consists of thirty such sidereal days. Because there are many types of months, the author next defines the Savana month: "In the same way..." meaning thirty days and nights measured by successive sunrises. This means the measurement of a day and night is the duration from one sunrise to the next. This is a Savana month. || 12 ||

Vernacular Commentary: 60 nadis synonym for ghati make one sidereal day and night, and 30 such days make one month. The time from one sunrise until the next sunrise is a Savana day. || 12 ||

Next, after defining the Lunar and Solar months, the author describes the year and the "Divine Day":

A lunar month is formed by lunar days; likewise, a solar month is defined by the sun's transit.

Twelve months make a year; that is called a Day of the Gods. || 13 ||

In the same way, a lunar month consists of thirty tithis lunar days. In the scriptures, this is primarily explained as ending either with the New Moon or the Full Moon. However, in this specific treatise, the month ending with the New Moon is considered primary. A month measured from any other desired tithi is considered secondary. A solar month is described by experts as the time taken for a Sankranti the transit of the sun. A Sankranti is the moment the center of the solar disc moves into a new sign of the zodiac. Twelve months make a year. The year should be understood to match the measurement of the months used. This year is called "Solar" because of its proximity to the solar months. A "Day" here means a full day and night. "Divine" means "belonging to heaven." The meaning is that experts in the principles of measurement state that one solar year is equal to one day and night of the Gods. || 13 ||

Vernacular Commentary: A lunar month is determined by tithis, and a solar month is determined by the sun entering a zodiac sign. Twelve months make one year, and this is one day for the Gods. || 13 ||

Now, one might ask: "If the day and night of the Gods has been described, why has the day and night of the Asuras demons/titans not been mentioned?" Answering this, the author describes the year of both the Gods and the Demons:

For the Gods and the Demons, day and night are mutually reversed.

Six times sixty of those make a Divine year, and likewise for the Demons. || 14 ||

The plural is used because there are many Gods and Demons. "Mutually" means "to each other." "Reversed" means "inverted." The meaning is this: what is day for the Gods is night for the Demons. What is night for the Gods is day for the Demons. What is day for the Demons is night for the Gods, and what is night for the Demons is day for the Gods. Thus, the difference between the Gods and Demons lies only in the inversion of day and night, not in the measurement itself. Since their day-and-night units are identical in length, the measurement for the Demons is implied by the description of the Gods. To explain the Yugas Great Ages, the author defines the "Divine Year" in another way to highlight its special nature, even though it is easy to understand: "Six times sixty." Sixty divine days and nights make a "Divine Season," and when multiplied by the six seasons of the year, it becomes a Divine Year, pertaining to the Gods and the Demons. And...