CONTENTS OF

THE SECOND VOLUME.

CHAPTER IV.—continued.

Protestants persecuted just as generally as Catholics—Examples in Germany, England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Sweden, America, and Holland—Persecution advocated or practiced by Luther, Calvin, Beza, Jurieu, Knox, Cranmer, Ridley, Melanchthon, etc. These were the leading figures of the Protestant Reformation across Europe.—Socinus and Zwingli Fausto Sozzini and Huldrych Zwingli, who held more moderate or "rational" views compared to other Reformers. were tolerant—The life and writings of Sebastian Castellio—His views answered by Calvin and Beza—Why persecution by Protestants is uniquely inexcusable—The comparative liberty advocated by Erasmus, Michel de l'Hôpital, and Thomas More—The position assigned by Bossuet Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, a powerful French bishop and theologian. to Socinians and Anabaptists—Persecution treated as a positive dogma A foundational, unquestioned doctrine. among Protestants—How the mingling of religions produced by the Reformation favored toleration—The influence of the marriage of the clergy and the greater flexibility of Protestantism on tolerance—Proof of this found in a comparison of tolerance in France and England—French tolerance based on three forms of skepticism: Montaigne, the skeptical man of the world; Descartes, the skeptical philosopher; and Bayle, the skeptical scholar—The doctrine of Compelle intrare original: "Compelle intrare"—"Compel them to enter," a biblical phrase from Luke 14:23 often used by the Church to justify forced conversions.—Political circumstances favorable to toleration—A comparison of the French Regency and the English Restoration—The influence of vice on historical development—Voltaire—The intolerance of Rousseau—The French Revolution removes all civil disabilities from Jews and Protestants—Catholicism viewed as incapable of adopting religious liberty—The Bull of Pope Gregory XVI Likely referring to the 1832 encyclical Mirari Vos, which condemned freedom of conscience.—In Protestant countries, tolerance is the result and the measure of the advance of Rationalism—The writings of the great divines of the seventeenth century lead to it—The first movement toward tolerance during the English Civil War—The policy of Oliver Cromwell—The contrast between the Independents and the Presbyterians—Harrington, Milton, and Jeremy Taylor—The repeal of the writ De Haeretico comburendo original: "De Hæretico comburendo"—"On the burning of heretics," a law used in England to execute people for religious dissent until its repeal in 1677.—The intolerance of Thomas Hobbes—The attitude of the clergy during the Glorious Revolution—The Toleration Act—The ending of the censorship of the press—The establishment of the Scottish Kirk—The complete tolerance of Protestantism—A review of the influence of Rationalism on the method of inquiry . . . . . . . PAGE 1

CHAPTER V.

The secularization The process of moving society and government away from religious or spiritual control toward worldly, non-religious foundations. of politics consists of two parts: the removal of theological interests from the motives of government policy, and the substitution of a secular principle for a theological one as the basis of authority—Religion and patriotism as the chief moral principles of society—Religion as the moral principle of antiquity—The type of character it formed—Patriotism as the moral principle of Judaism—How it corresponds to the "spirit of sect" in religion—Christianity in the Roman Empire triumphed only by transforming itself under the influence of this spirit of sect—The complete dominance of theology—