⚠The majority of the text on this folio is severely faded or represents bleed-through from the reverse side of the page, rendering most lines illegible. Only the central title and the page number are clearly discernable.

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Now Begins the Rite of Libations to Rudra 1

original: Atha Rudratarpaṇaprārambhaḥ 1. This heading marks the formal commencement of a ritual text. In Sanskrit manuscripts, the word "Atha" (now/here) traditionally signals the start of a sacred work.

Rudra An ancient Vedic deity associated with storms, the hunt, and medicine; in later Hinduism, Rudra is identified as a fierce and powerful aspect of the god Shiva.

Libations Sanskrit: Tarpaṇa. A ritual of offering water—often mixed with sesame seeds, milk, or herbs—poured through the fingers or from a vessel to gratify and nourish deities, sages, or deceased ancestors.

Commencement Sanskrit: Prārambha. Indicates the starting point of the specific instructional or liturgical section.

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