The Universal System of Astronomy, Part Two

From the movement [of the celestial bodies], just as it is determined in the middle position at the tip of the shadow original: chāyāgre, in that intervening space where one unit is found; by that, the [angular] degrees are calculated.

Here, the difference sa na pe? or what is achieved... The text here appears to discuss the correction of observed data when the movement is processed, it is situated as it falls upon the instrument original: yantra.

That part which is... the part of the upper tip... such is the peg original: kīla; likely referring to the pin of the instrument in which... the form of the divisions of the sky [is shown].

From the division of those [parts]... the distance between the peg and the shadow... in the fifth middle... in the shadow-tip; the diameter of the instrument is so many digits original: aṅgula; a standard unit of measurement roughly equal to a finger's width in hands and spans original: hasta and vitasti; traditional units of length.

By the measurement of the instrument... the calculation is derived from the instrument's scale... with the peg [gnomon].

With the hypotenuse original: karṇa; in this context, the diagonal line from the top of the gnomon to the tip of the shadow in the form of a fraction... that gnomon original: śaṅku at the base is refined... for the purpose of the gnomon... at the base of the gnomon it falls.

Regarding the equinoctial shadow original: palaprabhā; the midday shadow of a vertical gnomon on the day of the equinox, essential for calculating local latitude—with a twelve-digit gnomon original: dvādaśāṅgula śaṅku; the standard astronomical reference rod in Indian science... where the sun provides... three and a half [units]... the gnomon falls. At the base of the gnomon, touching the shadow-tips in the North original: uttara and South original: dakṣiṇa directions, in that sequence... between the North and South... by that resulting figure... the gnomon...