The Universal System of Astronomy

From the work Siddhānta Sārvabhauma: There is a distance from the prime meridian; then, by the measures of the arrows original: śara; here referring to mathematical sine-segments used to calculate distances on the sphere along the mountains, one reaches the island of Krauñca A mythological continent in Hindu cosmology, often described as a ring surrounding the Earth's center.
2

On the globe, at 28 parts, there is a ring-shaped northern table or path. From there, at a distance of six degrees, lies the island of Gomedaka.
From there, at a distance of the "good parts," lies the island of Puṣkara The seventh and outermost of the concentric islands in Puranic geography, located at 29 degrees. At the remaining part of the globe, at the southern pole, is the Vaḍavā term: Vaḍavā/Vaḍavāgni; literally "mare's fire," a mythical submarine fire located at the South Pole in ancient Indian geography.
At that central point, the ocean resembles an umbrella held transversely. Because of the sun’s position, it is surrounded by the sea. 30.
2

By five degrees is the region of the Vaḍavā fire. There, the messengers of the gods do not go; it is there that the demons and the residents of the hells original: naraka exist. 31.
In the middle of that ocean's water, the Submarine Fire original: vāḍavāgni is situated. From it, masses of smoke arise, submerged in the weight of the water. These are carried by the wind into the sky.
Led by the wind in all directions, they are heated by the rays of the sun original: kumāri-kiraṇa; likely a reference to the sun's rays reaching the southern regions and become lightning term: vidyut; lightning, which are like sparks of fire. 32.
From the slight burning of the smoke and the touch of the wind, the sun creates the sound of thunder term: garjita; thunder. This thunder is not exclusive to the rainy season term: prāvṛṣi; the monsoon season. 33.
For, while some clouds are full of rain, others elsewhere are "water-givers" with very little water; being filled with wind, they produce a great deal of thunder. 34.
Suddenly, the brilliance of lightning, mixed with earthly particles, is produced by the strike of a great whirlwind when opposing and favoring winds collide. 35.
The wind usually releases this during unseasonable rains; for during the monsoon season, these dust particles do not spread through the air. 36.
There are three types of phenomena: earthly, watery, and fiery. These arise from the burning in the depths of the earth, O King, within the crevices of the ground. 37.
Earthly dust is lifted up by the collection of fierce winds and brought into the Cloud Sphere term: megha maṇḍala; the atmospheric layer where clouds form, becoming free of impurity. 38.
Through the mixing with water droplets, a solidification original: piṇḍī-bhāva; forming into a mass or ball occurs here. These are seen falling, and then they dissolve again upon the earth. 39.
During the rainy season, the solar rays are honored meaning: reflected or refracted within the layers of the clouds. There, they produce many colors, mixed with the elements of fire, earth, and water. 40.
Those mixed with fire appear yellowish; those mixed with water appear blue; and those mixed with earth [appear in other hues].