The Universal System of Astronomy

The extent of the beautiful land of Bharata original: Bhārata-khaṇḍa; ancient India, beginning from Lanka the city on the equator used as the prime meridian and other points, is established in sequence. Beyond that, one should contemplate the arrangement of the land according to its measurements. 61

The seven principal mountain ranges here are known as the Clan Mountains Kulachala; the seven foundational mountain chains of the subcontinent: the Mahendra, the Shuktiman, the Malaya, the Riksha, the Pariyatra, the Sahya, and the Vindhya. 61-62

The earth is a sphere original: gola-rūpā containing hollows within its center. These are the regions of the Netherworld Pātāla; the subterranean realms, seven in number:
Level

Atala, Vitala, Sutala, Talatala, Mahatala, Rasatala, and Patala. These seven levels of the netherworld are illuminated by the light of the jewels on the hoods of the serpents, rather than by the sun. In these realms dwell the races of demons original: asura-gaṇāḥ and the Nagas divine serpent-beings, who sport there with divine and beautiful women, along with the Siddhas perfected celestial beings. These places shine with a luster like glowing gold. 62-63

Because the earth is held by the many hoods of the Lord of Serpents original: Phaṇīndra; referring to Shesha or Ananta who supports the world situated in the netherworld, it may occasionally tremble when his hoods move, yet even so, the earth remains stable for the sake of the people. 64

The realm of mortals original: bhūrlokaḥ exists on the surface of the globe in the region of Jambu-dvipa the central continent, at the center of which stands Mount Meru. Above this are the higher realms of the Sun and the celestial worlds, ending with the realms of Tapah the world of penance and Satya the world of truth. 65

When the sun rises in the city of Lanka, it is simultaneously midday in the city of Yamakoti the cardinal city to the east. At that same moment, it is sunset in Siddhapura the city at the antipodes, 180 degrees away and midnight in Romaka the city to the west, often identified with the Roman West. 66

Where the sun is seen to rise, that is the east; where it sets, that is the west. Mount Meru is famously situated in the north, in the middle of the waters. 67

If one travels one-fourth of the earth's circumference to the east, there lies Yamakoti. To the west lies Romaka. To the south, on the same line, lies Lanka, and to the north is Mount Meru. 68

By this same logic, everywhere in the world...