The Universal System of Astronomy

85

This vertical distance, measured in digits, serves as the vertical side koṭi: the upright side of a right-angled triangle for both observations. If the distance between the two poles is known, then the expert observer can determine the heights of the poles and their shadows. 99

By observing the reflection of the tip of the object in water, one can also perform these calculations as previously described. However, in this case, the line of sight original: "śrautraṃ" connects the eye and the reflection of the tip, even when the observer is not directly at the site of the object. 100 etc.

In the descriptions of instruments provided by previous teachers, this particular apparatus was indicated. For the benefit of those who construct instruments original: "yantrakāri", it has been described here in a concise manner. 101

The "self-moving" original: "svayaṃ-vaha," referring to automated or perpetual motion devices variety of instruments mentioned by the ancients has also been described by me here. Because the logical proofs derived from the celestial sphere original: "gola-yukti" were not explicitly provided, there might be doubts regarding their accuracy; therefore, this explanation serves as a refuge for the student. 102

Thus, in the Siddhāntatattvārtha meaning: "The Essence of the Truth of Astronomical Treatises" composed by Munīśvara, within this Siddhānta-sārvabhauma meaning: "The Universal Emperor of Siddhāntas", concludes the description of the Extensive Instrument. 1

---

I shall now state questions designed to provide four-fold answers, intended to sharpen the minds of young students who have mastered the previous texts. These questions are presented in a new style. In the calculation of the cumulative growth of time, the positions of all the planets, beginning with the Sun, are revealed through the calculation of the center of the solar disc. 2

The remainder of the intercalary month adhimāsa-śeṣa: the fraction of a 13th lunar month remaining in a given period, the positions of the Sun and Moon, and the remainder of the omitted lunar days avama-śeṣa: the fractional part of "skipped" days in the lunar calendar are determined from the residues. 3

He who, by his own intellect, can determine the true position of the Sun and Mercury original: "budha"... if these are joined in a specific calculation, it is praised by the learned. 3 Note: verse numbering repeats or is inconsistent in the original manuscript.

For the purpose of finding the desired weekday, the total number of elapsed days ahargaṇa: the count of days since the start of the current cosmic epoch is required. One must understand that the remainder of the intercalary month, when added to or subtracted from the total intercalary months of the Great Cycle yuga: a vast period of millions of years, is consistent with the proofs established by the ancient masters. 4

From the remainder of the terrestrial days original: "akṣa-dhi-śeṣataṃ", one should subtract the values related to the Sun and the twelve signs. By joining these with the total intercalary months of the Great Cycle, the wise student understands the true motion of the celestial bodies. 5

Even if a true intercalary month has occurred but was not mathematically obtained original: "alabdhaḥ," suggesting a discrepancy between observation and calculation, one should calculate the remainder of the intercalary month using the cycle of weekdays. By adding or subtracting the values of the Great Cycle, the remainder is known by those who understand the movements of the Sun. 6