Jyotirvidabharanam (Kalidasa) (1800) - Page 9

Astrology.
Lamp Comm.
3 Having prepared this for the benefit of others... original: "hito nirmāpya"; implies the author's altruistic intent in writing the commentary ...it appeared in an earlier section... according to the opinion of the wise. Or rather, first among those who are good and noble, by the consensus of the virtuous, this union is established. 1. Now, first, he describes the nine measurements of time beginning with the Solar:

1. Solar Saura: measurement based on the Sun's movement through the zodiac.
2. Civil Sāvana: "terrestrial" time, measured from sunrise to sunrise. The word "and" implies a collection of these measurements.
3. Lunar Cāndra: measurement based on the phases of the Moon.
4. Sidereal Ārya/Bha: measurement based on the rotation of the stars.
5. Ancestral Paitrya: the time of the Manes or ancestors, where one human month equals one ancestral day.
6. Jupiterian Guru: measurement based on the orbit of the planet Jupiter.
7. Human Māno: time as perceived by Manu, the progenitor of humanity.
8. Divine Marutām: the time of the gods, where one human year equals one divine day.
9. Brahma’s Vidhe: the measurement used by the creator, Brahma, involving vast cosmic cycles.

The Solar, Civil, Lunar, Ancestral, Jupiterian, Human, Divine, and Brahma’s time—

through these nine measurements, success in calculation is achieved by one's own mastery. 3.

Sixty palas make one ghatika; sixty ghatikas make one day;

and by that same logic, one tithi is a single day of the Moon. 4.

5 These are the nine measurements. By using these nine systems, the perfection of calculations is attained. Here, the word "measurement" original: "māna" has multiple meanings: it can refer to an instrument like a measuring cup, a specific size, an action of weighing, a distance, or a shadow used to tell time. 3. Now, in the Upajati meter, because they are the smallest measurements, he first describes the sidereal or stellar measurement:

Wise scholars define the units of time through cycles. Sixty vipalas make one pala, and sixty palas are said to make one ghatika a ghatika is approximately 24 minutes in modern time. Likewise, sixty ghatikas constitute a sidereal day original: "bha-dine"; the time it takes for a star to return to the same position. In that same manner, a single tithi Tithi: a lunar day, defined by the 12-degree separation of the moon from the sun is considered a day of the Moon.

Therefore 4.