Jyotirvidabharanam (Kalidasa)

Now, using the Upajati meter, the author states the number of Lunar Days Chandra-dina: also known as a Tithi, this is the time required for the longitude of the Moon to increase by 12 degrees relative to the Sun within a single year.

In one single year, for the Moon, there are three hundred and seventy-one 371 days. These are combined with three Ghatis Ghati: a unit of time equal to 24 minutes and fifty-two and a half Palas Pala: a unit of time equal to 24 seconds. The experts declare that the lunar year is comprised of these units added together.

Within one year, the days of the Moon are 371. These are joined with three Ghatis and fifty-two and a half Palas, as it has been said. [Verse 24]

Next, in the Upajati meter, the author gives the count for Sidereal Days Nakshatra-dina: the time it takes for a fixed star to return to the same position in the sky, approximately 23 hours and 56 minutes and Civil Days Savana-dina: a standard day measured from one sunrise to the next.

Within one year, there are three hundred and sixty-six 366 Sidereal Days. This number is derived from the "Rasa-Ga-Rama" code original: "rasa" (tastes) = 6, "ga" (planets/movement) = 6, "rama" (the hero Rama) = 3; read right-to-left or as a mnemonic for 366. From these, when one subtracts the difference relative to the Moon, the Civil Days of the Sun are established.

The Sidereal days are three hundred and sixty-six. When these are joined with the measures of the lunar day and the movements of the planets, the Civil days of the Sun are produced. [Verse 25]

The Solar days are known by the wise to be 365 The text uses the mnemonic "Ashvi-mita" (measured by the twin Ashvins = 2) and "Nabhoga" (sky-goers), totaling 365 or 366 depending on the fractional calculation for the purpose of all religious and constant duties. [Verse 26]

Now, in the Upajati meter, the author states the number of Solar Days Saura-dina: a day based on the Sun's movement of one degree along the ecliptic. It is settled by all that for all auspicious ceremonies and daily rituals, the Solar days are reckoned as three hundred and sixty-five 365. In any given year, the difference between the Solar and Lunar counts may increase; however, such excess time is considered "unpractical" for worldly use and is adjusted through the intercalary system mentioned previously, ensuring that auspicious works are performed at the correct time.

Thus ends [this section of] the commentary from the illustrious Purnamiya Gaccha A prominent lineage within the Shvetambara sect of Jainism, known for their scholarly contributions to astronomy and grammar.