Determination

This top section contains fragmentary rules regarding ritual purity and fasting.
...thus, there is an absence of food meaning a fast. On the Eleventh Day Ekadashi: The eleventh lunar day of each fortnight, traditionally a day of fasting., because of the rule of eating for two days; the wife's bath on an auspicious day; everywhere the Brahmins... death...

Decision 3 That which is devoid of a solar transit Sankranti: The moment the sun enters a new zodiac sign. along with the suppressed month is the intercalary month Adhimasa: An extra month added to the lunar calendar.. These three, including the Samsarpa Samsarpa: A rare type of intercalary month that occurs in a year containing a suppressed month; unlike the Adhimasa, the Samsarpa does contain a solar transit., are condemned by the wise. || 28 ||

In activities prescribed by the science of astrology original: "jyotiḥ śāstra", such as marriage original: "vivāha" or initiation Upanayana: The sacred thread ceremony marking the start of formal education., and in rituals of the Vedas original: "śraute" and the Law Codes original: "smārte", that which is named Samsarpa is considered pure. || 29 ||

"Only the intercalary month Adhimasa is to be condemned"—this is the view of Madhava Madhavacharya (c. 1296–1386), a prominent scholar and minister in the Vijayanagara Empire known for his treatises on time and law. and others. However, in both Vedic and Smriti rites, the entire intercalary period is indeed inauspicious. || 30 ||

This is because time itself takes on an impure form [during this month]—this is the opinion of Hemadri Hemadri (13th century), a famous scholar and prime minister who authored the Chaturvarga-chintamani, a massive compendium of Hindu rituals.. The details regarding what is to be avoided there are recorded in the Treatise on Decisions original: "nirṇaya nibandhe" by wise men. || 31 ||

These details are not expanded upon here, out of fear of making this text too long. A month is said to be divided into fortnights original: "pakṣā", distinguished as Bright original: "śukla" and Dark original: "kṛṣṇa". || 32 ||

The Bright fortnight is joined with the waxing moon, while the Dark fortnight follows the rising of the lunar days. According to the Vishnu-Dharmottara An ancient encyclopedic text covering various arts and sciences., the "day" is declared to be of four kinds: Lunar original: "cāndra", Solar original: "saura", Civil original: "sāvana", and Sidereal original: "nakṣatra".