Discernment of the Truth of Astronomical Principles

The Revolutions of the Planets within a Kalpa

By that same calculation, the Sun’s position at the beginning of creation, according to some, is determined by the years of creation; here it is calculated as 51 likely referring to the elapsed years of the current divine cycle. I shall now declare the celestial revolutions Bhagaṇaoriginal: bhagaṇa; a complete cycle of a planet through the twelve signs of the zodiac of all the wandering stars from the beginning of time, as stated in the Science of the Sun original: arkashastra, referring to the Sūrya Siddhānta. 52.

In a Kalpaoriginal: kalpa; a vast cosmic period consisting of 1,000 Great Ages, or 4.32 billion years, the revolutions of the Sun, Mercury, and Venus are four billion, three hundred and twenty million (4,320,000,000). 53.

The revolutions of the Śīghroccaoriginal: śīghrocca; the "fast apogee" or the point of highest velocity, used in ancient Indian astronomy to calculate the positions of inner and outer planets for Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are as follows: 53.

• For Mars, the revolutions in a creation-cycle are 2,296,833,000 original: 2398433000 in transcription.
• The revolutions of the apogee of Mars are 1,713,780,000.
• The revolutions of Mercury's apogee are 3,542,300,000.
• The revolutions of Jupiter's apogee are 7,022,370,000. 55.
• The revolutions of the apogee of Venus in its forward motion, and likewise for Saturn, are 15,553,680,000, as calculated from the solar standard.

In order, the revolutions of the Sun’s own apogee Manda-uccaoriginal: mandocca; the "slow apogee" or the point where the planet's motion appears slowest, equivalent to the aphelion or apogee are recorded as 387. For Mars, they are 204; for Mercury, 387; for Jupiter, 500 original: jivakya; for Venus, 535; and for Saturn, 35.

Revolutions of the Lunar Nodes and the Great Age (Yuga)

The revolutions of the Pātaoriginal: pāta; the nodes of the moon, specifically Rahu and Ketu, where the lunar path intersects the ecliptic in a retrograde motion are 232,238,000 for the Moon. 100. For Mars, they are 215; for Mercury, 488.

In a Yugaoriginal: yuga; a cycle of 4,320,000 years, the number of civil days Sāvana-vasaraoriginal: sāvana vāsara; a day measured from one sunrise to the next are:
1,577,917,828 4.

The sidereal rotations of the Earth original: bha-bhagaṇa are:
1,582,237,820

The lunar days Tithioriginal: tithi; a lunar day, defined as the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the Moon and the Sun to increase by 12 degrees in a cycle are 1,603,000,080. The intercalary months Adhimāsakaoriginal: adhimāsaka; extra lunar months added to the calendar to keep it synchronized with the solar seasons are 1,593,336.

The solar months in a cycle are:
51,840,000 original: 55850000 in transcription.

The civil days are obtained by subtracting the "lunar omissions" from the total lunar days. The number of lunar months is the difference between the revolutions of the Moon and the Sun. Subtracting the solar months from the lunar months gives the number of intercalary months. 8-9.