Discernment of the Truth of Astronomical Principles

They call the Mean Civil Day Kudina|A terrestrial or "civil" day measured from one sunrise to the next the movement of the mean sun (1). As many motions as there are in a cosmic cycle, so many are the Solar Civil Days (3). In the same way, in that union, there are also the revolutions of the celestial spheres (2).

Whatever the interval between the single Civil Days, there is a specific motion of the planets; even the solar nature of the time is not lost, for that time is known as the "Rational Explanation" original: vāsanā; the underlying physical or geometric logic of a mathematical rule by those who know the definitions.

The Mean Sun Madhyārka|The theoretical Sun that moves at a constant rate, rather than the true Sun which appears to speed up and slow down is identical to its own motion (3). When the time of the movement is equal, without the union, you yourself should speak of the sunrise; from that sunrise, the Mean Sun is known. If the sunrise occurs when the body is dead original: mṛttane; likely a corrupt OCR reading for a technical term regarding the solar disc, the single Civil Day would be contradicted (4). Considering that this is established from a state of equality, these wise men understand it through the study of the Celestial Sphere original: gola (5).

Therefore, regarding the current Day-count Ahargaṇa|The total number of days elapsed from a fixed epoch to a given date, the mean Civil Days should be adjusted by the correction of the sunrise. This is what is stated here. This matter should be contemplated with a sharp mind by those who know the truth of the essence of the Sphere. By this, the account of the distance is explained. Beyond that, the name of the "actual" day-count does not reach its highest point if one ignores the difference in the Civil Days (6).

As the great teacher Bhāskarācārya A famous 12th-century Indian mathematician and astronomer, by his own force, began to act in a way that is contrary to the opinions of all the gods and sages, he put forward a "Rational Explanation of the Sphere" that is excluded from proper consideration. Even though his own view has been accepted by many who merely pride themselves on his name, it has proceeded on an incorrect path original: aśuddha-mārga and should not be respected in any way by the disciplined scholars of today. This is because of the contradiction with the world as defined in the scriptures, regarding the calculation of the Civil Day. How could the determination of the Sun and other planets be done correctly using such Civil Days? This is not known by those who follow the authority of the Solar Sciences original: Arka-śāstra (7).

In this calculation, the Solar Years original: sauravatsara that have passed since the Day of Brahma Brahmadina|A vast chronological period in Hindu cosmology, often equated to a Kalpa are to be considered. From that time, the Solar years are measured. These elapsed years are:

The calculation of the Mean Positions original: madhyama-nayana must be performed here with these elapsed periods. Through this, the planets—starting with the Sun—are established in their mean positions (10). Without knowing the nodes of the Moon, and the beginning of Aries, it is measured as such (1). There is no difference in the years from the beginning of the Day of Brahma (11). Twelve (12) revolutions are known... the planets are joined with the current zodiac signs. The life-breaths and other measures (12). The correction of the True Sun original: sphuṭārka is done starting from Aries. At that time... the lunar months are always calculated as they were previously described by the great sages (13). This is the fault that arises from the lack of a transition...