Discernment of the Truth of Astronomical Principles

The Coordinates of Great Cities

The following measurements provide the clear circumference and the Tulāṃśas|Degrees of longitude or related coordinates for various cities. For a location at 35 degrees, the calculations are as follows. In the city located on the Kherekhā|The prime meridian or zero-line, the degrees are seven.

Below are the coordinates The text lists numerical values, likely representing akṣāṃśa (latitude) and deśāntara (longitude distance), though the OCR figures are slightly fragmented. for these prominent locations:

• Ujjain original: Ujjayinī; historically the prime meridian for Indian astronomers: 11, 10 ... 22
• Lahore: 10, 4, 120 ... 35, 50
• Indraprastha Ancient Delhi: 11, 5 ... 20
• Argalapura Possibly Agra or a nearby trade center: 11, 5, 10 ... 26, 35
• Somnath: 10, 5, 10 ... 11
• Kashi Varanasi: 11, 7, 20 ... 26, 55
• Golconda: 11, 4, 19 ... 155
• Ajmer: 11, 5, 5 ... 26, 15
• Devagiri: 11, 70 ... 201, 30
• Multan: 10, 13, 5 ... 29, 50
• Kannauj: 11, 5 ... 26, 35
• Mandav: 12, 50
• Kashmir: 10, 8, 10 ... 35, 50
• Samarkand: 9, 5, 10 ... 39, 50

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Calculating the Longitude Difference

The value of Lanka The theoretical point on the equator used as the starting point for Indian longitude is taken as the base. From the Meru|The North Pole, the divisions of the Earth are calculated in 30 parts. To find the difference between one's own location and the prime meridian, use the following method:

Multiply the distance in Yojanas|A traditional unit of distance, roughly 8-13 kilometers by the Kalā|Minutes of arc; 1/60th of a degree—specifically 38—and divide by the Earth's circumference of 360. 38-39 This result gives the Deśāntara|Longitude difference in minutes. If the result is positive, it is added; if negative, it is subtracted from the calculation of the Sphuṭārka|The true position of the Sun. 40

Time is infinite, and it is only through these mathematical corrections that the Sun's position becomes "true" or accurate for a specific observer. 41 By applying these corrections to the Moon and other planets, the coordinates are refined for one's own country. 42

The Sacred Line of the Meridian

The scholars have declared that the line of the meridian passes from the abode of the Rakshasas referring to Lanka to the mountain of the gods Mount Meru, passing through the middle of the world. It passes through Rohitaka, Avanti Ujjain, and the nearby sacred lakes. 45 This is established by the authority of all astronomical treatises.

To find the distance between two places in Yojanas, one must calculate the difference between the observed time of the Sun at the prime meridian and at one's own location. 48 When the Sun is at the meridian in the East, it will be at a different relative position in one's own place. By dividing the circumference of the Earth by these units of time, the distance in Yojanas for the longitude difference is determined. 49

One should calculate the results in minutes (Liptā) based on the Earth's circumference. For those living to the west of the meridian, the correction must be subtracted; for those to the east, it is added, to find the true position on the surface of the Earth. 50