Treatise on the Sun

...in the manner previously stated. 8

Because of the vastness of its orbit original: "mahattvān-maṇḍalasya" — referring to the large size of the solar disk or its orbital path, the Sun is deflected only slightly. Because of the smallness of its orbit, the Moon is deflected much more. 9

Even Mars and the other planets, being incorporeal original: "amūrtitvāt" — literally "without form," implying they are more susceptible to subtle forces than the dense Earth, are pulled from a great distance with extreme velocity by deities known as the fast-apogees shighrocha and slow-apogees mandocha. 10

Therefore, a great correction—either additive or subtractive original: "dhanarṇam" — plus and minus—arises in their motion. As they are pulled in this way in the sky, they are also struck by cosmic winds. 11

Ti = 4 Kuti = 4 Likely abbreviations for "tithi" or "tiñ" and "kutila" (retrograde motion)

The eight-fold motions of the planets are: Retrograde, Somewhat Retrograde, Stationary, Slow, Very Slow, Mean, Fast, and Very Fast. 12

Of these, the five types known as Very Fast, Fast, Slow, Very Slow, and Mean are considered direct motion. Those that are Retrograde and Somewhat Retrograde are the other category. 13

I shall now explain with care the "Calculation of True Positions" sphuṭīkaraṇa, by which the planets daily reach a state where their calculated positions match their observed positions in the sky. 14

The eighth part of the minutes in a zodiac sign A sign is 30 degrees, or 1800 minutes. The 8th part is 225 minutes is called the first sine-half 15. The second is found by adding the first to the quotient of the first divided by itself. 15

Thus, by dividing the previous sums by the first sine-half and adding the resulting quotients to the differences, the twenty-four sine-half segments jyardha-pinda are calculated in order: 16

The elements and the twins Bhuta-sankhya system where "Tattva" (elements) is 25 and "Ashvin" (twins) is 2, read right-to-left as 225; the numerals and the oceans; the fire, the form, and the earth; the arrows and the seasons; 17

The void, the world, the mountains, and the five; the void, the arrows, the form, the qualities, and the moon; 18

The void, the eyes, the five, and the one; the openings, the form, the sages, and the moon; the sky, the moon, the lunar days, and the world; the qualities, the openings, the oceans, and the twins. 18

The sages, the seasons, the twins, the gods, the eyes, the moon, the fire, the hands, and the twins; the arrows, the qualities, the senses, the light, the elephants, the twins, the mountains, and the twins. 19 These verses (17–19) provide the specific numerical values for the 24 sines used in Indian trigonometry: 225, 449, 671, 890, 1105, 1315, 1520, 1719, 1910, 2093, 2267, 2431, 2585, 2728, 2859, 2978, 3084, 3177, 3256, 3321, 3372, 3409, 3431, and 3438.