Treatise on the Sun

That [correction] is applied to the daily motion. When the correction is greater than the radius-sine, it is added; when it is less, it is subtracted. It is said that the daily motion then becomes retrograde motion original: "vakra-gati"; the apparent backward motion of a planet as seen from Earth (51). When a planet is far from its apex of fast motion original: "śīghrocca"; the point of conjunction or the equivalent of the Earth's position in modern heliocentric terms, it is pulled by "slackened rays." At that time, its body appears to move in a reverse direction; this is retrograde motion (52).

The degrees of the anomaly original: "kendra"; the angular distance from a specific point used to calculate motion at which the planets beginning with Mars become retrograde are:
64 original: "hata-ṛtu-candaiḥ" for Mars,
144 original: "vedendraiḥ" for Mercury,
301 original: "rūpa-try-ekai" for Jupiter,
433 original: "guṇābdhibhiḥ" for Venus, and
112 original: "pāra-rudraiḥ" for Saturn (54).

They are retrograde until these values are subtracted from a full circle 360 degrees. When the remaining degrees are equal to their own anomaly, they cease their retrograde motion (55). The specific durations of these portions are:
For Mars: 96,
for Mercury: 216,
for Jupiter: 230,
for Venus: 89,
and for Saturn: 275.

For the nodes original: "pāta"; the points where a planet's orbit crosses the ecliptic of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter, the result is derived from the fast-anomaly, just like the planets themselves. For Mercury and Venus, the third result is the slow-correction original: "mānda-phala" applied in reverse (56). The sine is calculated from the anomaly minus the planet's own node for Mercury and Jupiter.

Even after omitting the multiplier for latitude original: "vikṣepa"; the vertical distance of a planet from the Sun's path, the latitude is found by the radius-sine (57). In the sequence of latitude calculations, the declination of the center is combined with the latitude. If the directions are different, they are subtracted; this gives the "clear" position, just as it is calculated for the Sun (58).

The daily motion multiplied by the breaths of the planet's rising and divided by 8,000 original: "khakha-aṣṭakai". This result, added to the 21,600 degrees of the circle, is known as the sidereal breaths of a day and night original: "svāhorātrāsavaḥ"; a measure of time based on the Earth's rotation relative to the stars (59). The two sines, regular and versine, are multiplied by the declination and then by the "sine of the three worlds" likely a specific astronomical constant. When the radius-sine is subtracted, it gives the equatorial horizon original: "unmaṇḍala", the midday shadow, and the North-South deviation (60). The sine of declination, the equinoctial shadow, and the earth-sine are then used to calculate...