Siddhanta Kaustubha: Chapter on Geography

॥ 11 ॥ The boundary of Shalmala original: "śālmala". One of the seven great islands or continents in Puranic geography, often associated with specific flora or regions in the ancient world view. should be marked in the middle with the measures... 8 and 12... ॥ 8 ॥ 12 ॥

The Ocean of Milk original: "payonidhi". One of the mythical oceans surrounding the concentric islands. follows this; and according to the calculation, with the two... ॥ 83 ॥ with the full degrees... ॥ 90 ॥ The position of the Salt Ocean original: "lavanārdhi". The innermost ocean that surrounds the central continent of Jambu-dvipa. is located in the lower part where the rising is clear. ॥ 8 ॥

In the circle, one should draw starting from the Submarine Fire original: "vaḍavānala". A mythical fire located at the South Pole, balancing the celestial energy of the North Pole. with five divisions. That space belongs to the demons original: "daityānā". Traditionally, the southern hemisphere or the subterranean realms were associated with the Asuras or Daityas. within the depths of the ocean.

Halfway to the region of Lanka original: "lekādeśa" (likely Lanka-desha). In Sanskrit astronomy, Lanka is the reference point on the equator for the prime meridian., with the measure of sixty-five... ॥ 29 ॥ 12 ॥ one should draw the boundaries.

The half-circle of that area, beginning from the interior, is the region named Bharata original: "bhāratanāmavarṣe". Refers to the Indian subcontinent, the southernmost division of Jambu-dvipa. ॥ 6 ॥. Again, with sixty parts... ॥ 56 ॥ 15 ॥ from the half-circle there is the Hemakuta original: "hemakūṭa". The "Golden Peak" mountain range, traditionally situated north of the Himalayas. range and others.

In the region between these two is the land named Kinnara original: "kinnarākhya". A mythical region inhabited by the Kinnaras, celestial musicians with human bodies and horse heads.. With 10 lines and 7... ॥ 10 ॥ ॥ 7 ॥ from the half-circle of the Naishadha original: "naiṣadha". A mountain range in the central part of the continent. mountains and beyond, is the region of that name.

In this manner, from the place of Indra The Eastern direction or the celestial abode, one should create three circles with these divisions. ॥ 8 ॥ The positions of the mountains named Shukta and Nila original: "śukta-nīla". The Nila or "Blue" mountains are traditionally placed to the north of the central Meru. are to be drawn. With 60 and 4 parts... ॥ 60 ॥ ॥ 4 ॥ the mountains and ranges should be marked with lines. ॥ 9 ॥ From there, the range named Malyavan original: "mālyasaṃjño". A mountain range famous in the Ramayana, located to the east of Mount Meru. is situated, and the other is called the northern range.