The Delight of Persian Illumination

Folio 25

For a rabbit or hare śaśaka, the term Khargosh is used original: "khargośaṃ," from Persian "Khargosh". For an elephant gaja, the term Feel is used original: "phīlaḥ," from Persian "Fīl". A horse aśva or steed turaṃga is associated with the term Bahreshwar meaning a mount or bearer; this term is also mentioned in the context of an elephant rider.

A jackal sṛgāla is called a Shargal original: "masargāle," likely a corruption of Persian "Shaghāl". For a camel uṣṭra, the word Sutar is used original: "sutaru," from Persian "Shutur". A cow go is referred to as Gavo. Regarding a ram or sheep meṣa, the terms Dulanya and Mesh original: "meśaḥ," from Persian "Mish" are provided. For the tail puccha of an animal, the term Sragh is used.

A mouse ākhu is called a Valava. For a wild cat or feline mṛga-viḍāla, the term Mugo is used. A python ajagara is also listed. The term Banu is used to refer generally to any animal paśu-mātra. A cow go or a ram meṣa may be called Parand this usually means bird, but here appears in a list of animals or Sharatah. For a deer mṛga, various terms are given.

For any winged creature or bird khaga, the general term Parandah is used original: "paraṃdaḥ," from Persian "Parandah". Within the category of birds and animals mṛga-pakṣī, a hawk or falcon śyena is called a Baz original: "vāja," from Persian "Bāz". A vulture gṛdhra is called a Gidh original: "ghrīgīdhaḥ". A sparrow kalaviṃka is called a Sanjask. For a crow kāka, the term Zagh is used original: "nāgaḥ," likely a scribal error for the Persian "Zāgh".

---? A partridge cakora is mentioned. For the Indian cuckoo or nightingale pika, the term Bulbul is used original: "bulu," from Persian "Bulbul". A pigeon pārāvata is called a Kabutar original: "katantara," likely a phonetic rendering of "Kabūtar". A parrot śuka is called a Sarvar. A rooster or fowl kukkuṭa is known as a Murgh original: "murgaḥ," from Persian "Murgh". For a bee bhramara, the term is Magaro, and for a common fly makṣikā, the term is Magas original: "magasaḥ," from Persian "Magas".

The term Ur-paranda literally "flying in the breast/heart" is mentioned. Regarding gender, a male or man nara/pums is called Nar, while a female or woman strī is called Madi original: "mādī," from Persian "Mādah".

For a demon or celestial enemy asura, the term Humayate is used. The title Mirza is mentioned. A son or descendant is called Valadi from Arabic/Persian "Walad". For that which is low or perhaps "deceased" mṛta, the term Pasti is used original: "pastī," from Persian "Past," meaning low/down. Conversely, for that which is above or on top upari, the term Bala is used original: "bālā," from Persian "Bālā".

In the context of the North uttara or directions, ---? is mentioned. For the middle or center madhya, the term Miyan is used original: "miyāna," from Persian "Miyān". For a place or land sthala, the term Jagah is used original: "jyāgaḥ," from Persian/Urdu "Jagah".