The Delight of Persian Illumination

An earring is known as a Goshwara gośavāraḥ original: "gośavāraḥ," from the Persian gūshvāra. Sam-yagmirimako? refers to the body and hair. A Seal or Signet ring mudrā is called a Muhr samuharaḥ original: "samuharaḥ," from the Persian muhr, used for marking or identifying.

Regarding the musk deer, its musk is called Kasturi kasturī original: "kastu-rāvamuka-sāraṃgo". Camphor karpūra, known for its cooling essence, is called Dhansara or Kapur original: "kāpūra-dhanasārena". Nutmeg is known as Jatiphala original: "jātīphalaca". Cardamom is called Ela or Ilachi original: "elā-ilācī". Saffron, known by the name Kumkuma, is called Zaffran jāpharā original: "jāpharā," from the Persian/Arabic za‘farān. Cinnamon is known as Daruchini original: "dāru-cīnī," literally 'Chinese wood'. The spice known as Cloves lavaṅga is called a Karnaphul original: "karṇa-phūlaḥ," meaning 'ear-flower'. A fragrant perfumed powder is called Abir abīra.

For those seeking rest on something soft, a Pillow or bolster is called a Takiya takiyaḥ original: "takiyaḥ," from the Persian takya. A Mirror is called a Darpana or an Aina original: "āonaha," likely the Persian āīna. A Fan used for a person is a Vyajana. A Lamp is called a Dipa or a Chiragh cirāga original: "cirāga-dīpeya". A Hookah hukkaḥ original: "meyṛṭe hukkaḥ" is the term for a water pipe.

Regarding social status, a person of noble birth or a gentleman is a Khwaja khaujā original: "khaujā," from the Persian khwāja. In the context of education, an Assistant Teacher is an Akhund akhūnaḥ original: "akhūnaḥ". A Master or Teacher guru is called an Ustad ustāda. A Student or apprentice śiṣya is a Shagird śāgīrda. A high-ranking Professor or religious preceptor ācārya is called a Maulana maulanā. A Servant or attendant is known as a Khadim khādima.

In matters of scripture, the term Kalam original: "kalāma," referring to theological speech or the Word is used. The Veda is equated to the Quran korāṇaḥ. For literary works and poetry, the term Kitab or "Book" is used. The science of Astrology is called Nujum nujuma original: "nujuma," from the Arabic/Persian nujūm for stars, and an Astrologer is a Najmi. General Knowledge or science is called Ilm ilime, and one who is learned is an Alim ālima.