The Delight of Persian Illumination (1643) - Page 17

⚠The manuscript page shows significant aging with foxing and water stains, particularly along the top and left edges. Some ink bleed and show-through from the reverse side are present, though the text remains mostly legible.

In the world, the arrangement of materials or strategic management is called Tadbir tatabīra from Persian tadbīr; a formal charter or deed of authority is known as a Sanad sannada from Arabic sanad.

A written document or book is a Kitab kitāba. A royal decree is called a Farman phuramāna from Persian farmān, and a command or order is a Hukm hukuma from Arabic ḥukm, which is equivalent to the Sanskrit ājñā.

A formal tribute or offering presented to a superior is a Peshkash peśaka from Persian pīshkash. A gift or present is known as a Tohfa tophā or Saugat saugāne from Persian saughāt. A formal petition or request submitted to the court is an Arz arja or Arzdasht arjadāśta.

Justice nyāya is called Insaf insāpha, while injustice or oppression is known as Zulm julma. A formal complaint or a plea for redress is a Faryad pharyāda. In the king's business, a grand mission or military expedition is called a Muhim muhīma. The conduct of business or a legal transaction is known as a Mamila māmila from Arabic mu‘āmala.

An advocate or representative is a Vakil vakīla, and his role or agency is Vakalat vakālate. A traveler or wayfarer is called a Musafir musāphira.

The common people or subjects prajā are known as Rayat reṃ from Arabic ra‘iyyat. An army or military force is a Lashkar laṣkara or Fauj phauja. The commander of the army is a Sardar sardāra.

A brave or heroic man is called Mardanah mardāna from Persian mardāna, manly, and his bravery is Mardanagi madīnagī. Conversely, a coward or one who lacks virility is a Namard nāmarda. A soldier is a Sipahi sipāhī, and a mounted horseman is a Savar savāra.

An elephant rider or trainer is called a Pilvan pīlavāna from Persian fīlbān. A horse that possesses a good, easy gait is a Khushgam khuśgāma from Persian khush-gām, "pleasant step". Reins or a bridle are called Lagam lagāma, and a bit is a Khalin khalīna. A saddle is a Zin jīna, and the soft saddle-pad is a Khugir khugīra. For an elephant in rut matta, the term is Mast masta. A groom or stable-servant who tends to the animals is a Sais sāisa.