The Delight of Persian Illumination

In the context of bindings and restraints, a chain śṛṅkhalā is called a Janjir jañjīra original: "jañjīraṃ śṛṅkhalāyāṃ". For fetters or shackles nigada, the term is used similarly. Age or a period of life vayas is expressed as Umar umare from Arabic 'umr. Life itself jīvana is also called Zindagi jīndagī from Persian zindagī.

Regarding general circumstances: a difficult or complicated situation viṣaditā is called Mushkil muśkīla from Arabic mushkil, while ease is Asani āsānī. Something obtained for free or as a fortunate gain is Muft muftaṃ or Ganimat ganīmate from Arabic ghanimat, meaning "spoils" or "a boon". A merchant sauḍāgara is known as a Saudagar. In the matter of profit lābha or the way forward... Wealth or capital dhana is called Maya māyaḥ from Persian māye. When something is more or excessive adhika, it is called Zyada jyādā. A small amount alpa is Kam kamo. An equal or same amount sama is called Masawi masāvī from Arabic musāwī.

Regarding comparison or "in relation to" vānispata from Persian ba-nisbat, when one thing is greater than another, it is Besh veśaḥ from Persian bēsh. The fruit or produce of a labor phala is called Paida paidā from Persian paydā. Time vakta is called Waqt vakta. One who holds a livelihood or an office is a Dar dāraḥ the suffix -dār. In the context of value manya-artha, the price is Qimat kīmati. Truth or the factual reality of a matter sambandha is Haqiqat hakīke. A formal petition or request is Arzi arjī.

Regarding the estimation of value or worth mūlya, the term is Qadar kadara. In the context of debts ṛṇa, a creditor is a Qarz-khwah karje khāho literally "one who desires the debt back" and a debtor is a Qarzdar karajadāraḥ. A guarantor pratibhū is a Zamin jāmina. A witness sākṣī is a Gawah guvāraḥ original: "guvāraḥ", likely a corruption of the Persian gavāh. When one is cleared of debt or legal obligations, they are Farigh fārika from Arabic fārigh.

In the matter of counting gaṇanā, the term is Shumar śumāre. The act of keeping accounts lekhā-karaṇa is Hisab hisābaḥ. Income or deposits āya are Jama jamā. Expenditure vyaya is Kharch khārce. The remainder or balance śeṣa is Baqi bākī. For measurement of weight tola, the term Naul nolaḥ is used. For smaller weights like a Gunja guñjā, the term Dan dāna is applied. A quarter-part turth-bhāga is a Pav pāvaśca. Half ardha is Nim nīme.

A measuring rod of a cubit or arm's length bāhu-sammita-daṇḍa is a Gaz gajo. The act of buying krayana is called Kharid kharīda, and selling vikrayana is Farokht farokhta. A buyer is a Kharidar kharīdāra and a seller is a Faroshandah farośaṃdaḥ. A fixed period or duration of time avadhi is called Muddat muchata or Muhlat munate original: "muchata munate", corruptions of muddat and muhlat.