Literary and Philosophical Fragments

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Galileo; in that work On the Motion and Measurement of Water original: Del moto e misura delle acque, which contains the best of what was later provided by Castelli Benedetto Castelli (1578–1643), a mathematician and student of Galileo who specialized in hydraulics. and Guglielmini Domenico Guglielmini (1655–1710), an Italian mathematician and pioneer in the science of river hydraulics.. Aristotile Fioravanti, some time before Leonardo, raised a tower in Bologna and transported it from one place to another;* Luca Fancelli, shortly before Leonardo, provided the designs for the canalization of the Arno, in order to reclaim original: bonificare — to drain or improve land for agricultural use. the plain of Empoli and its surroundings;** but neither one nor the other preceded Vinci in theory, in which he remains a giant and unsurpassed in his time and for another century.

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We must judge Leonardo not by the fragmented nature of his practice, but by the fullness of his theory. The Battle of Anghiari A massive mural commissioned for the Great Council Hall in Florence, which Leonardo began but never finished; it is famous for its dynamic and violent depiction of movement. was to be nothing more than the application of those principles that Leonardo had meditated upon and developed in the Treatise on Painting; in the same way that the flying machine, which, from on high

• LIBRI, History of Mathematical Sciences in Italy original: Histoire des sciences mathém. en Italie. Paris, Renouard, 1840, vol. IV, page 17.
  ** UZIELLI, Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli. Rome, Rac[colta] Colomb[iana], 1894 page 520.