⚠The page is a blank sheet of aged paper, likely a flyleaf or endpaper. There is a very faint, illegible rectangular mark in the center of the page, possibly a faded stamp or pressure mark from another page.

PHYSIOGNOMY AND ANATOMY

Observations on the Human Head

The soul appears to reside in the judicial part Leonardo refers to the "senso comune" or common sense, a central point in the brain where he believed all senses met., and the judicial part appears to be in that place where all the senses meet, which is called the common sense. It is not all throughout the body, as many have believed, but rather it must be in a fixed position.

The proportions of the face

The distance from the chin to the nose is equal to that from the nose to the eyebrows.

If you wish to represent a figure with a look of anger, ensure that the eyebrows are lowered and drawn together, and the skin between them is wrinkled. Note the tension of the lips. The neck should be thick and the muscles prominent.

MEASUREMENT	PROPORTION
From the chin to the top of the head	One eighth of the total height
From the forehead to the chin	One tenth of the total height
Width of the shoulders	One quarter of the total height

The eye, which is the window of the soul, is the principal means by which the central sense can most copiously and magnificently consider the infinite works of nature. Leonardo frequently used the metaphor of the eye as a window to the soul to justify the superiority of painting over poetry.

On the movement of the facial muscles:
The muscles which move the lips are more numerous in man than in any other animal. See the dissection of the horse for comparison. One must always consider how the expression of the face changes according to the passions of the mind.

The nose should be shaped according to the character of the man.

Illegible scribbled calculation in the lower margin?