DEFENSE FOR GALILEO.

original: "Admovere oculis diſtantia ſydera noſtris: / Aetheraq́; ingenio ſuppoſuere ſuo." These lines are adapted from Ovid’s Fasti, a poem about the Roman calendar, praising the first astronomers.

These praises belong to Galileo more than to any others, as we have openly shown elsewhere. I omit what Josephus and Philo Flavius Josephus was a 1st-century Jewish historian; Philo of Alexandria was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher. Both argued that biblical patriarchs were the original masters of science. say regarding the physical and celestial sciences, and what Berosus Berosus was a Babylonian priest/historian. Campanella refers to late-Renaissance "forged" texts attributed to him that claimed Noah and Abraham taught astrology to the Chaldeans and Egyptians. notes regarding Noah and Abraham on this subject; and how the Patriarch Jacob, through physiology original: "phyſiologiam." Here meaning the study of natural laws and biological processes, referring to Jacob's use of "peeled rods" to influence the breeding of Laban’s livestock in Genesis 30., freed himself from Laban’s avarice and made himself rich, as the Scripture testifies; and that through the sciences the ancient fathers lived a longer life. Likewise, God placed signs of His first coming in the heaven and on the earth. Yet a little while, and I will move heaven and earth, and the desired of all nations shall come, He said in Haggai Haggai 2:6–7, interpreted here as a prophecy of cosmic changes preceding Christ.. And we have proven in our prophetic writings that this has indeed happened, based on the changes then begun—and now finally revealed—in eccentricities, equinoxes, obliquity, and apogees. These are technical astronomical terms describing the shifting paths and angles of celestial bodies. Campanella believed these physical changes in the universe signaled major religious and political shifts on Earth. And regarding the signs of the future coming in the sun, moon, and stars, the Gospel is clear in Luke 21.

And because the old astronomers distort these signs toward non-causes, and because—as the Apostle Peter prophesied in his second epistle, chapter 3—scoffing men, walking according to their own lusts, will say in the final days (along with the Aristotelians and Machiavellians), Where is the promise or his coming? For since the fathers fell asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of creation: against these men I show that things do not continue as they were from the beginning, but that signs are present in the sun, moon, and stars. Saint Gregory, commenting on Luke 21, rightly proved by a physical argument—based on the mutation of lower things—that these signs are very close to their time. Therefore, those who forbid vigilance over the changes and truths of the heavens wish for the Day of the Lord to overtake us like a thief in the night, just as it does the other children of darkness, as Saint Paul taught in 1 Thessalonians 5; he warns us to stay awake and not be children of the night. He stays awake, however, who contemplates the signs given in the sun, moon, and stars; not those who are like the Jews of old, who, by scorning the signs of the star of Balaam A reference to the prophecy in Numbers 24:17 ("A star shall come out of Jacob"), often linked to the Star of Bethlehem. Campanella, following Augustine, argues that ignoring celestial signs leads to spiritual blindness., fell upon the "stone of stumbling," as Augustine warns. Therefore, just as we believe the Apostles above all others in Scripture, which is the first book of nature, so David said of them: Their sound has gone out into all the earth, etc. and Paul repeats the same regarding the Apostles in Romans 5. The quote "Their sound has gone out..." is from Psalm 19, which begins "The heavens declare the glory of God." Paul quotes this in Romans 10:18 (though Campanella cites chapter 5). For both of God's books The "Two Books" of God: the Book of Scripture (the Bible) and the Book of Nature (the physical world). are in agreement with one another.

The second assertion is proven.

Not yet has any philosopher or theologian spoken worthily enough, or certainly not sufficiently, concerning the nature, order, position, quantity, motion, and con-