Chapter - 1

Knowledge is attained through comprehensive knowledge and partial standpoints. (6)

original Sanskrit: "Pramāṇa-nayair-adhigamaḥ"

The [ acquisition ] or knowledge of the "Three Jewels" ratnatraya The path to liberation consisting of Right Vision, Right Knowledge, and Right Conduct., beginning with Right Vision, and the fundamental realities tattva such as the soul, occurs through [ comprehensive knowledge and standpoints ].

Knowledge (of the seven categories) is attained by means of pramāṇa comprehensive knowledge and naya a specific standpoint or perspective.

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By description, ownership, cause, substratum, duration, and classification. (7)

original Sanskrit: "Nirdeśa-svāmitva-sādhana-adhikaraṇa-sthiti-vidhānataḥ"

Knowledge of the Three Jewels and the soul and other realities is also attained through [ description, ownership, means, substratum, duration, and classification ].
These six factors provide a framework for defining and examining any subject: what it is (description), who possesses it (ownership), how it is attained (means), where it resides (substratum), how long it lasts (duration), and its various types (classification).

(Knowledge of the seven categories is attained) by description, ownership, cause, resting place (substratum), duration, and division.

And by existence, number, field, touch, time, interval, state, and relative quantity. (8)

original Sanskrit: "Sat-saṃkhyā-kṣetra-sparśana-kāla-antara-bhāva-alpabahutvaiś-ca"

[ And ] knowledge of a substance or entity is also attained through these eight points of inquiry anuyoga: [ existence, number, field, touch, time, interval, state, and relative quantity ].

¹ pramāṇa : comprehensive or valid knowledge
² naya : a partial standpoint or a particular way of looking at a thing

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