Collected Illustrations of the Three Realms, Volume 32

original: "Sancai Tuhui"; a renowned pictorial encyclopedia from the Ming Dynasty, published in 1609.

The Xiongnu

The Xiongnu were a powerful confederation of nomadic tribes that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE, frequently clashing with and influencing the Han Dynasty.

The accompanying woodcut illustration depicts two figures identified as Xiongnu. They are shown in traditional nomadic attire, including heavy, fur-lined robes suitable for the harsh northern climate, boots, and distinctive headgear. Both men carry bows—a symbol of their renowned skill in mounted archery—housed in decorative quivers. One figure is depicted with a prominent mustache and hair styled in long braids, reflecting the Ming-era artistic interpretation of northern "barbarian" aesthetics.