The Kingdom of Panduranga

Collected Illustrations of the Three Realms: Volume 11, Humanity

The Kingdom of Panduranga original: "Bintonglong guo." This was the southernmost principality of the Champa Kingdom, centered around the modern-day city of Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm in south-central Vietnam. It was a vital center for trade and the last stronghold of Champa sovereignty.

[Illustration: A woodblock print depicts three men from Panduranga traveling beneath the shade of a pine tree. One man is mounted on a horse, while two others walk alongside. They are shown carrying long, bundled objects—likely tributary gifts for the Ming court, such as lakawood a fragrant wood used in medicine and incense, eaglewood, or important administrative scrolls.]

The depiction of horses and bundles suggests the kingdom's role in the extensive maritime and overland trade networks of the South Seas. During the Ming Dynasty, Panduranga was recognized as a distinct entity within the broader cultural sphere of the "Southern Barbarians," prized for its exotic forest products and its strategic coastal location.

The character "shang" (upper/first) indicates this is the first part of the entry or the first of two pages dedicated to this section.