Collected Illustrations of the Three Realms: Volume 12, Humans

Kingdom of Samarkand original: 撒馬兒罕. A major Silk Road trading center in modern-day Uzbekistan.	Kingdom of Qiao original: 悄國. An obscure reference; the name literally means "quiet" or "silent."	Kingdom of Monkeys original: 猴猻國. A legendary land mentioned in ancient texts, said to be inhabited by intelligent, monkey-like beings or people with simian traits.	Kingdom of Jiuniluo original: 鳩尼羅國. A phonetic transcription, likely referring to a region in Central or South Asia.	Kingdom of Xifan original: 西番國. A general term used during the Ming dynasty to refer to Tibetan-speaking tribes and peoples on the western frontier.	Yansan Barbarians original: 蜒三蠻. Likely referring to the "Yan" or "Dan" (boat people) and other indigenous groups of Southern China.	Kingdom of Maluo original: 馬羅國. Possibly a transcription for Ma'bar (in South India) or Malwa (in Central India).	Kingdom of Wild Men original: 野人國. A descriptive name for various unassimilated or "uncivilized" tribes living in remote forests or mountains.	Tuibo original: 退波. A phonetic variation of "Tubo," the classical Chinese name for Tibet.
Kingdom of Dingling original: 丁零國. An ancient nomadic people located in Southern Siberia and Northern Mongolia, ancestors to later Turkic ethnic groups.	Kingdom of Rubu original: 入不國. An obscure phonetic transcription of a foreign land.	Kingdom of the Di People original: 氐人國. A significant Tibeto-Burman ethnic group from Western China that played a major role in the era of the Sixteen Kingdoms.	Southwestern Barbarians original: 西南夷. A collective term for the diverse indigenous ethnic groups inhabiting the mountainous regions of modern Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan.	Kingdom of Kezhi original: 可只國. Generally identified as Cochin (Kochi), an important port city on the Malabar Coast of India.	Kingdom of Hami original: 哈密國. A strategic oasis city-state in modern-day Xinjiang, acting as a gateway between China and the West.	Indusa original: 印都卅. A phonetic transcription likely referring to the Indus River region or Northern India.	Kingdom of the One-Armed original: 一臂國. A mythical land from the Classic of Mountains and Seas where inhabitants are said to have only one arm, one eye, and one nostril.	Kingdom of Darkness original: 黑暗國. A legendary realm in the far north or west where the sun does not shine; possibly reflecting knowledge of the Arctic Circle or Northern Europe.