Collected Illustrations of the Three Realms

original: "三才圖會" (Sancai Tuhui). This Ming Dynasty encyclopedia aims to categorize all knowledge across Heaven, Earth, and Humanity.

Implements and Utensils, Volume 4


Golden Mirror	Tiger Target	Bear Target	Two-Mark Target	Firm Leather Center	Beast Target: Elk Head	Beast Target: Tiger-Leopard Head	Five-Mark Target	Raft
	Leopard Target	Elk Target	Beast Target: Bear Head	Deer Center	Variegated Target	Beast Target: Deer-Pig	Archery Screen	Boat
	Bear Target	Great Target	Rhinoceros Center	Swan-Center	Leopard Target	Three-Mark Target	Tiger Center	Boat Implements

The "Targets" (侯, hou) listed here refer to large rectangular cloth targets used in ritual archery. In ancient Chinese rites, the animal depicted on the target indicated the rank of the archer: Bears for the Emperor, Leopards and Tigers for feudal lords, and Elks for scholars.

Two/Three/Five-Mark Target (正侯) These refer to the number of "Zheng" (squares of colored cloth) sewn onto the target to indicate the bullseye and surrounding scoring areas.
Swan-Center (鵠中) In Chinese archery, the bullseye is often called a "Gu" (Swan), representing the small, white target center.
Archery Screen (乏) A leather or wooden shield used to protect the person stationed near the target to announce scores and retrieve arrows.
Variegated Target (糝侯) original: "糝" (shǎn) A specific type of target used by high-ranking officials, traditionally decorated with a "grit" or grain-like pattern of mixed colors.
Rhinoceros Center (兕中) A target bullseye made from the hide of a Si (a legendary one-horned creature or rhinoceros), known for its extreme toughness.