Collected Illustrations of the Three Realms: Implements and Utensils, Volume 4

The Shield

Shield original: "干" (Gān)

The Shield, known as the Gān, is a fundamental defensive implement featured in the "Six Small Dances" and the "Great Martial Dance" of antiquity. While its origins are purely military, its role in the ritual context is to represent the protection of the state and the containment of conflict. As shown in the accompanying woodcut, the ritual shield is often rectangular with a distinct central ridge and ornate carvings. In the performance of the Martial Dance, the shield is held in the left hand, moving in synchronized, sturdy motions to symbolize the wall of civilization that guards against chaos.

The Dance Axe

Martial Dance / Ceremonial Axe original: "舞" (Wǔ)

The heading Dance refers specifically to the implements and movements of the martial choreography. The illustration beneath this heading depicts the Qi—a ceremonial battle-axe—which is the "offensive" counterpart to the shield. In the ritual tradition, this axe is held in the right hand. Together, the shield and axe (Ganqi) symbolize the dual nature of a sovereign's power: the ability to defend (Gan) and the authority to strike down disorder (Wu/Qi). This specific axe is characterized by its broad, crescent-shaped blade and decorative socket, marking it as a tool of high ceremony rather than the blood-stained battlefields of the era.