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The Great Standard

Dào original: "纛" (Dào)

The Great Standard is a massive ceremonial and military banner that serves as a primary symbol of supreme authority and imperial presence. Historically, the Dào was distinguished by the use of "wild ox hair" likely referring to yak tails or dyed hemp, which was fashioned into large, tiered tassels or a thick canopy at the top of a stout pole.

In the context of the Ming Dynasty military, these standards were placed at the entrance of a commander's tent or carried at the vanguard of a grand procession. They were more than mere markers; they were considered sacred objects. Before a campaign, ritual sacrifices were often offered to the Dào to ensure divine protection and victory. As shown in the illustration, the standard features a tiered, umbrella-like structure, designed to be visible from a great distance to signify the location of the commanding officer.

The Feathered Banner

Jīng original: "旌" (Jīng)

The Feathered Banner is a specialized signaling flag used to convey imperial orders or to distinguish individuals of exceptional merit. Its most defining characteristic, seen in the accompanying diagram, is the ornamental attachment at the top of the staff—typically consisting of colorful pheasant feathers or yak tails arranged to flow in the wind.

According to ancient records of rites, the Jīng was used by the Emperor’s messengers when traveling on official business or to summon high-ranking officials to court. In the hierarchy of ancient flags, the Jīng specifically denoted the "summons." The presence of this banner commanded immediate attention and obedience, acting as a physical manifestation of a royal decree in transit.

While the previously mentioned feather staff (Zhái) was a handheld prop for dance, the Feathered Banner (Jīng) is a full-sized standard used for state communication and signaling.