Collected Illustrations of the Three Realms: Military Equipment

Banners and Standards

Flag Original: Qí (旗) | Standard Original: Wù (物) | Banner-Regalia Original: Qíwù (旗物)

...their purposes were distinct, designed by the ancient sages to ensure that the order of the state was visible at a single glance.

This woodcut illustration displays two primary types of ancient standards. On the left is a multi-paneled banner with animal motifs; on the right is a simplified vertical standard.

The Bear Banner Original: Xióngqí (熊旗), shown on the left of the illustration, is composed of six horizontal panels. According to the Rites of Zhou, this specific banner was assigned to military commanders and regional officials. The bear imagery was chosen to represent strength and martial vigor, while the number of panels corresponded to the rank of the official holding it.

The Solid-Color Standard Original: Wù (物), seen on the right, is a tall, vertical flag. While less ornate than the Bear Banner, it served a critical role in assembly. These standards were used to gather the common people or soldiers at specific locations during hunts, sacrifices, or military maneuvers.

Both poles are topped with bird-shaped finials These represent the "Vermilion Bird" or auspicious phoenixes, acting as spiritual guides for the assembly. and are decorated with flowing tassels. These tassels served a practical purpose by indicating wind direction, but they also added a sense of "civilized majesty" to the harsh realities of military organization.

The distinction between the Flag and the Standard was central to the ancient "System of Regalia" Original: Qíwù (旗物). By varying the animal designs, the colors, and the way the fabric was attached to the pole, the rulers could coordinate vast numbers of people without the need for constant verbal commands.