Sancai Tuhui (Vol. 50)

original: "Flying Sky Fire-Sprayer" (飛天噴筒). A portable incendiary device, likely a bamboo or metal tube packed with gunpowder and chemicals to project flame or poisonous smoke at the enemy.
original: "Incendiary Arrows" (藥箭). Literally "medicinal arrows," referring to the "medicine" (gunpowder) or poison applied to the shaft or tip. These were often launched via bows or specialized rocket tubes.
original: "Canopy Shovel" (天蓬鏟). A long polearm with a wide, crescent or shovel-shaped blade, used both as a weapon and occasionally for field fortifications. It is named after "Tianpeng," a celestial martial deity.
original: "Silent Marching" (銜枚). This refers to the ancient practice of soldiers holding wooden "gags" or bits in their mouths to ensure absolute silence during a night raid or stealth maneuver.
original: "Ape Basket" (猿箢). A clever mechanical device, likely a basket on a pulley or winch system, used to lift soldiers or supplies up city walls, named for its ability to "climb" vertically like an ape.
original: "Buoyancy Bladder" (浮囊). An early life-preserver or flotation aid, usually made from inflated animal skins, used by soldiers to cross rivers silently at night.
original: "Dog-leg Support" (狗腳木). A structural timber or cleat used in the construction of defenses or bridges, named for its bent, angular shape resembling a dog's hind leg.