Imperial Crowns and Clothing

original: "御用冠服" (Yùyòng Guānfú). This term refers specifically to the ceremonial wardrobe and headgear reserved for the Emperor’s personal use during state rituals and court functions.

Ceremonial Crown (Mian)

The Miǎn (冕) is the most formal ceremonial crown worn by the Emperor, characterized by the flat rectangular board (yàn) with strings of pearls or beads (liú) hanging from the front and back. The number of bead strings—usually twelve for the Emperor—signified the highest possible rank in the cosmic and social order.

Crown that Reaches Heaven (Tongtianguan)

The Tōngtiānguān (通天冠, "Crown that Reaches Heaven") was a high-status crown worn by emperors during significant court ceremonies that were slightly less formal than the great sacrifices requiring the Miǎn. It is characterized by its tall, upward-reaching shape, symbolizing the Emperor's role as the mediator between Heaven and Earth.

Imperial Crowns and Clothing original: "御用冠服" (Yùyòng Guānfú). The strictly regulated system of dress for the sovereign.
Ceremonial Crown original: "冕" (Miǎn). The primary ritual headpiece of the Son of Heaven.
Crown that Reaches Heaven original: "通天冠" (Tōngtiānguān). An ornate crown worn for major morning audiences and formal receptions.