⚠The manuscript shows significant ink bleed-through from the reverse side; some characters are slightly blurred due to the thinness of the paper.

By Imperial Order: Complete Library of the Four Treasuries

original: 欽定四庫全書 (Qinding Siku Quanshu). This marks the text as part of the massive 18th-century imperial collection commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor.

Volume 49: Table of Contents

The manuscript shows significant ink bleed-through from the reverse side; some characters are slightly blurred due to the thinness of the paper.

Ostrich	Hawk	Eagle	Osprey	Kite	Owlet	Owl	Scops Owl
Supplement	Classic	Compendium	Compendium commonly called the Fish Hawk	Additional Records	Supplement	Supplement	Additional Records

Explanation of Sources: - Classic: Refers to the Shennong Bencao Jing (Divine Husbandman's Classic of Materia Medica), the foundational text of Chinese herbal medicine. - Additional Records: Refers to the Mingyi Bielu (Additional Records of Famous Physicians), a Han-dynasty expansion of the Classic. - Supplement: Refers to the Bencao Shiyi (Supplement to Materia Medica) by Chen Zangqi (8th century), known for including exotic and folk remedies. - Compendium: Refers to the Bencao Gangmu itself, where Li Shizhen provides his own primary entries or synthesizes previous knowledge. Species Identifications: - Ostrich (駝鳥, Tuoniao): Literally "Camel-bird," described in historical texts as being from the western deserts. - Osprey (鶚, E): Noted in the interlinear gloss as the "Fish Hawk" (魚鷹, Yuying). - Owlet (鵂鶹, Xiuliu) and Owl (鴞, Xiao): These entries distinguish between different types of nocturnal raptors, likely the Collared Owlet and the Great Horned Owl or similar species. - Scops Owl (鴝, Qu): While this character often refers to the Myna when paired as Qu-yu, in the context of mountain raptors and owls, it refers to a type of horned or eared owl.