Treatise on Armament Technology, Volume 23: Collection of Sacred Meetings — Warfare — Banners and Standards III

original: 聖會集 (Shèng huì jí). This section title refers to the "Collection of Sacred Meetings," a portion of the Wubei Zhi that deals with the ceremonial and disciplined assembly of troops, focusing heavily on the visual language of the battlefield.

Gate Flagoriginal: 門旗 (ménqí). These banners define the formal "gates" or entry points of a military encampment or a specific unit's formation, serving as essential landmarks for navigation within a crowded field.

Corner Flagoriginal: 角旗 (jiǎoqí). Used to mark the four corners of a square formation or camp, ensuring the perimeter remains identifiable even in the chaos of battle or at night.

Great Standardoriginal: 大纛 (dà dào). The most significant flag in the army, often made of yak tail or silk, representing the presence of the commanding general. Its movement dictates the primary direction of the entire force.

Summons Banneroriginal: 招 (zhāo). Literally a "beckoning" flag. When this flag was raised or waved in a specific manner, it signaled to subordinate commanders that they were required to report to the center for new orders.

original: 器 (qì). As noted previously, "Equipment" here likely refers to the supporting ordnance—such as drums, gongs, or small signal cannons—that accompanied each major banner to provide an audible signal alongside the visual one.