Treatise on Armament Technology, Volume 42

original: 𥳔 (fān). A variant of the character for banner or pennant.

original: 金鼓旗 (jīn gǔ qí). Literally "Gongs, Drums, and Flags," referring to the primary unit responsible for transmitting the commander's orders through sound and sight.

The "Signal Gong" (鉦, zhēng) was historically used to signal the retreat or to "stop" the advance, contrasting with the drum's signal to move forward.

The "Screamer" (哮, xiào) refers to the boluo or hao-tong, a long brass trumpet that produces a loud, low-pitched blaring sound intended to intimidate the enemy and cut through the din of battle.

Refined Musicoriginal: 細樂 (xìyuè). A smaller ensemble of melodic instruments (such as flutes and softer strings) used for ceremonial entries or less chaotic military maneuvers, as opposed to the "loud music" used in the heat of combat.

Bronze Drumoriginal: 銅鼓 (tónggǔ). Ancient metal drums associated with prestige and authority; their deep resonance was believed to carry over long distances.
Stick Drumoriginal: 杖鼓 (zhànggǔ). A slender-waisted drum struck with a stick on one side and the hand on the other, providing the complex rhythmic foundation for the ensemble.